GNU dbm NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 2025-03-22
Copyright (C) 1990-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
See the end of file for copying conditions.

Please send gdbm bug reports to <bug-gdbm@gnu.org>.

Version 1.25, 2025-03-22

* New function: gdbm_open_ext

This function provides a general-purpose interface for opening and
creating GDBM files.  It combines the possibilities of gdbm_open
and gdbm_fd_open and provides detailed control over database file
locking.

* New gdbmtool command: collisions

The command prints the collision chains for the current bucket, or
for the buckets identified by its arguments:

  collisions
     Display collisions for the current bucket.

  collisions N
     Display collisions for bucket N.

  collisions N0 N1
     Display collisions for the range of buckets [N0, N1].

* Pipelines in gdbmtool

The output of a gdbmtool command can be connected to the input of a
shell command using the traditional pipeline syntax.

* Fix a bug in block coalescing code

* Other bugfixes


Version 1.24, 2024-07-02

* New gdbm_load option: --update

The --update (-U) option instructs gdbm_load to update an existing
database.

* Fix semantics of gdbm_load -r

The --replace (-r) is valid only when used together with --update.

* Use getline in gdbmtool shell.

* New function: gdbm_load_from_file_ext

In contrast to gdbm_load and gdbm_load_from_file, which derive
the value of the flag parameter for gdbm_open from the value
of their "replace" argument, this function allows the caller to
specify it explicitly.  The prototype is:

  int gdbm_load_from_file_ext (GDBM_FILE *pdbf, FILE *fp,
			       int flags, int replace,
			       int meta_mask,
			       unsigned long *line);

* Bugfixes

** Fix binary dump format for key and/or data of zero size.
   (see https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/bugs/?565)
** Fix location tracking and recover command in gdbtool.
   (see https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/bugs/?566)
** Fix possible buffer underflow in gdbmload.
** Ensure any padding bytes in avail_elem structure are filled with 0.
   (fixes https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1031276)
** Improve the documentation.

Version 1.23, 2022-02-04

* Bucket cache switched from balanced tree to hash table

Change suggested by Terence Kelly.

* Speed up flushing the changed buckets on disk

* New option codes for gdbm_setopt

** GDBM_GETDBFORMAT

Return the database format.

** GDBM_GETDIRDEPTH

Return the directory depth, i.e. the number of initial (most significant)
bits in hash value that are interpreted as index to the directory.

** GDBM_GETBUCKETSIZE

Return maximum number of keys per bucket.

** GDBM_GETCACHEAUTO

Return the status of the automatic cache adjustment.

** GDBM_SETCACHEAUTO

Enable or disable automatic cache adjustment.

Version 1.22, 2021-10-19

* Fix file header validation

* Fix key verification in sequential access

* Fix testing with DejaGNU 1.6.3

* Fix stack overflow in print_usage

* Fix a leak of avail entry on pushing a new avail block

The leak would occur if the original avail table had odd number of entries.

* New gdbmtool variables: errorexit, errormask, trace, timing

"Errorexit" and "errormask" control which GDBM errors would cause the
program termination and emitting a diagnostic message,
correspondingly.  Both variables are comma-delimited lists of error
codes.

The "trace" variable enables tracing of the gdbmtool commands.

The "timing" variable, when set, instructs gdbmtool to print time
spent in each command it runs.

* New gdbmtool options: -t (--trace), and -T (--timing)


Version 1.21, 2021-09-02

* Crash tolerance

By default it is possible for an abrupt crash (e.g., power failure,
OS kernel panic, or application process crash) to corrupt the gdbm
database file.  A new Linux-only mechanism enables applications to
recover the database state corresponding to the most recent
successful gdbm_sync() call before the crash.  See the chapter 17
"Crash Tolerance" in the GDBM manual.

* New database file format: numsync

The new "numsync" database format is designed to better support
crash tolerance.  To create a database in numsync format, the gdbm_open 
(or gdbm_fd_open) function must be given the GDBM_NEWDB|GDBM_NUMSYNC
flags.  The GDBM_NUMSYNC flag also takes effect when used together
with GDBM_WRCREAT, provided that the new file is created.

New function gdbm_convert() is provided for converting the databases
from standard GDBM format to numsync and vice versa.

The gdbmtool tool can also be used for converting databases between
these two formats.

* Changes in gdbmtool

** Fix string output in non-ASCII encodings

Printable multi-byte sequences are correctly represented on output.
This also fixes octal representation of unprintable characters.

** The filename variable

This variable supplies the name of database file for use in "open"
command, if the latter is called without arguments.  If "open" is
called with the file name argument, the "filename" variable is
initialized to this value.

** The fd variable

If set, its value must be an open file descriptor referring to a
GDBM database file.  The "open" command will use gdbm_fd_open
function to use this file.   Upon closing the database, this
descriptor will be closed and the variable will be unset.

The file descriptor to use can also be supplied using the
-d (--db-descriptor) command line option.

** The format variable

Defines the format in which new databases will be created.  Allowed
values are: "standard" (default) and "numsync".

** New commands: upgrade and downgrade

The "upgrade" command converts current database to the numsync
(extended) format.  The "downgrade" command converts current database
to the standard format.

** New command: snapshot

The "snapshot" command is part of the new crash tolerance support.
Given the names of two snapshot files, it analyzes them and selects
the one to be used for database recovery.  See the GDBM manual,
section 17.5 "Manual crash recovery" for a detailed discussion of its
use.

Version 1.20, 2021-06-17

* New bucket cache

The bucket cache support has been rewritten from scratch.  The new
bucket cache code provides for significant speed up of search
operations.

* Change mmap prereading strategy 

Pre-reading of the memory mapper regions, introduced in version 1.19
can be advantageous only when doing intensive look-ups on a read-only
database.  It degrades performance otherwise, especially if doing
multiple inserts.  Therefore, this version introduces a new flag
to gdbm_open: GDBM_PREREAD.  When given, it enables pre-reading of
memory mapped regions.

See https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/18884 for details.


Version 1.19 - 2020-12-23

* Pre-read the memory mapped regions on systems that support it.

This speeds up operations on big databases.

* gdbmtool: tagged initialization of structured data

Initializers for structured data can be given in tagged form, e.g.:

   store somekey { status=2, id={a,u,x}, name="foo" }

* Bugfixes:

** Preserve locking type during database reorganization


Version 1.18.1 - 2018-10-27

* Fix debian bug 910911

This restores backward compatibility with databases created by version
1.8 (and some later versions, with mmapped I/O disabled).
See https://bugs.debian.org/910911 for a detailed description.


Version 1.18 - 2018-08-21

* Bugfixes:

** Fix directory entry validation
See https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/bugs/?402

Directory validation function would falsely report corruption after
several directory reallocations.

** Fix improper use of GDBM_DEBUG macro
See https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/bugs/?401

** Fix spurious error from gdbm_dump and gdbm_export

The functions incorrectly treated as error the GDBM_ITEM_NOT_FOUND
status, which is reported upon normal termination of iteration
over database keys.

** Make sure gdbm_sync always returns a meaningful value
See https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/bugs/?400

Version 1.17 - 2018-07-30

* int gdbm_close and gdbm_sync

Both functions now return 0 on success. On error, they return -1
and set gdbm_errno and errno to the appropriate error codes.

* Fix bug in gdbm_dump function

The function did not clear the GDBM_ITEM_NOT_FOUND error marker, which
is set upon its normal termination.


Version 1.16 - 2018-06-27

* Maintain sorting order of the available block list after coalescing

This is a very long-standing bug, dated back to the time when optional
coalescing of available blocks with the newly released block was
introduced. Merging the released block with an adjacent block of
available space would clobber the sorting order of the available list.
The bug was discovered due to strict database consistency checks,
introduced in version 1.15.

The fix introduced in this version will silently restore the proper
sorting order of available block list before its use.

* Improve block merging algorithm

New implementation of block merging algorithm will correctly handle
both left and right-adjacent blocks.


Version 1.15 - 2018-06-15

* Extensive database consistency checking

GDBM tries to detect inconsistencies in input database files as
early as possible. When an inconcistency is detected, a helpful
diagnostics is returned and the database is marked as needing
recovery. From this moment on, any GDBM function trying to access
the database will immediately return error code (instead of
eventually segfaulting as previous versions did). In order to
reconstruct the database and return it to healthy state, the
gdbm_recover function should be used.

Special thanks to Lionel Debroux and Craig Young for investing
their time and efforts in testing and providing valuable feedback.

* Improved error checking

* Removed gdbm-1.8.3 compatibility layer

* Commands can be given to gdbmtool in the command line

The syntax is:

  gdbmtool DBNAME COMMAND [ARGS...]

Multiple commands are separated by semicolon (take care to escape it),
e.g.:

  gdbmtool t.db count\; avail

* Fixed data conversion bugs in storing structured keys or content

* New member in the gdbm_recovery structure: duplicate_keys.

Upon return from gdbm_recover, this member holds the number of keys
that has not been recovered, because the same key had already been stored
in the database. The actual number of stored keys is thus
recovered_keys - duplicate_keys.

* New error codes.

  GDBM_BAD_BUCKET      "Malformed bucket header"
  GDBM_BAD_HEADER      "Malformed database file header"
  GDBM_BAD_AVAIL       "Malformed avail_block"
  GDBM_BAD_HASH_TABLE  "Malformed hash table"
  GDBM_BAD_DIR_ENTRY   "Invalid directory entry"


Version 1.14.1 - 2018-01-03

* Increment soname current version number.


Version 1.14 - 2018-01-01

* Make sure created databases are byte-for-byte reproducible

This fixes two longstanding bugs: (1) when allocating database file
header blocks, the unused memory is filled with zeroes; (2) when expanding
a mmapped memory area, the added extent is filled with zeroes.

* Fix build with --enable-gdbm-export

* Make gdbm_error global variable thread safe.

* Fix possible segmentation violation in gdbm_setopt

* Fix handling of group headers in --help output.


Version 1.13 - 2017-03-11

* gdbm_fetch, gdbm_firstkey, and gdbm_nextkey behavior

If the requested key was not found, these functions return datum with
dptr pointing to NULL and set gdbm_errno to GDBM_ITEM_NOT_FOUND (in
prior releases, gdbm_errno was set to GDBM_NO_ERROR),

If an error occurred, dptr is set to NULL, and gdbm_errno to
the error code.

In any case gdbm_errno is guaranteed to have meaningful value upon
return.

* Error handling

In previous versions of GDBM, fatal errors (such as write error while
storing the key/data pair or bucket) caused immediate termination of
the program via call to exit(3).  This is no longer the case.

Starting from this version, if a fatal error occurrs while modifying
the database file, that database is marked as needing recovery and
gdbm_errno is set to GDBM_NEED_RECOVERY.  Calls to any GDBM functions,
except gdbm_recover, will then return immediately with the same error
code.

The function gdbm_recover examines the database file and fixes
eventual inconsistencies.  Upon successful return it clears the error
state and makes the database operational again.

For backward compatibility, the fatal_func argument to gdbm_open is
retained and its functionality is not changed.  If it is not NULL, the
new error handling procedures are disabled, the function it points to
will be called upon fatal errors.  When it returns, exit(1) will be
called.

* Per-database error codes

In addition to gdbm_error global variable, the most recent error state
is saved in the GDBM_FILE structure.  This facilitates error handling
when operating multiple GDBM databases simultaneously.

The following new functions are implemented for manipulating error
states:

** gdbm_error gdbm_last_errno (GDBM_FILE dbf)

Returns the code of the most recent error that occurred in the given database.

** int gdbm_last_syserr (GDBM_FILE dbf)

Returns the value the system errno variable had when the most recent
error occurred.  This provides additional information for such error
codes as GDBM_FILE_SEEK_ERROR, GDBM_FILE_WRITE_ERROR and the like.

** void gdbm_clear_error (GDBM_FILE dbf)

Clears the error state associated with the database file.

** char const *gdbm_db_strerror (GDBM_FILE dbf)

Returns textual description of the error.

** int gdbm_needs_recovery (GDBM_FILE dbf)

Returns true if the database file needs recovery.

* New gdbm_open flag: GDBM_BSEXACT

When creating a new database, the gdbm_open function will adjust the
requested block size so that the block can hold integer number of
directory entries.  Thus, the resulting block size can be bigger than
the requested one.  If the GDBM_BSEXACT flag is set, this behavior is
suppressed and gdbm_open will try to force exactly the requested block
size.  If unable to do so, it will set the gdbm_errno variable to
GDBM_BLOCK_SIZE_ERROR and return NULL.

* New gdbm_setopt option: GDBM_GETBLOCKSIZE

Returns the block size in bytes.  E.g.

 int size;
 if (gdbm_setopt (dbf, GDBM_GETBLOCKSIZE, &size, sizeof size))
   abort ();
 ...

* New functions

** GDBM_FILE gdbm_fd_open (int fd, const char *file_name, int block_size,
		           int flags, void (*fatal_func) (const char *))

Alternative function for opening a GDBM database.  The fd argument is
the file descriptor of the database file obtained by a call to
open(2), creat(2) or similar functions.  The descriptor is not dup'ed, and
will be closed when the returned GDBM_FILE is closed.  Use dup(2) if
that is not desirable.
			   
** int gdbm_copy_meta (GDBM_FILE dst, GDBM_FILE src)

Copy meta-information (ownership and file permissions) from src to dst.

* gdbmtool

** Line editing in gdbmtool

The gdbmtool utility now offers the usual line-editing facilities (if
the package has been compiled with GNU Readline).

** Keyboard shortcuts

If the last entered command was "next", hitting the "Enter" key
repeats it without arguments.

* Magic file included

The magic file suitable for use with the file(1) command is
distributed with the package.  Its name is src/gdbm.magic.

It is not installed by default, as its installation location differs
considerably between various distributions.


Version 1.12, 2016-05-16

* New configuration variable COMPATINCLUDEDIR

When used with --enable-libgdbm-compat, this variable points to the
directory where the headers file dbm.h and ndbm.h will be installed.
Use this variable to avoid conflicts with already installed headers.
E.g.:

 ./configure --enable-libgdbm-compat COMPATINCLUDEDIR=/usr/include/gdbm

* Bugfixes
 

Version 1.11, 2013-12-25

* Improved dump format.

A new dump format is implemented, which encodes all data in base64 and
stores not only key/data pairs, but also the original database file
metadata, such as file name, mode and ownership.  Files in this format
can be sent without additional encapsulation over transmission
channels that normally allow only ASCII data.  Dumps in this format
allow for restoring an exact copy of the database, including file
ownership and privileges.

* New function: gdbm_count

    int gdbm_count (GDBM_FILE *file, gdbm_count *count);

Counts records in `file' and stores the result in the memory location
pointed to by `count'.

* New utilities: gdbm_dump and gdbm_load.

Gdbm_dump creates a plain-text dump of the GDBM database.  This dump
can be used to create an exact copy of the database afterward.

The gdbm_load performs the reverse: given the dump file, it creates a
GDBM database.  Apart from native GDBM dump formats, it also understands
the format generated by Berkeley DB db_dump utility.  Thus, an easy
way to convert a Berkeley DB database to GDBM is:

   db_dump input.db | gdbm_load output.db

* gdbmtool

The gdbmtool utility allows you to examine, modify or create GDBM
databases.  It provides an easy-to-use interactive shell and can
be used for scripting.  One of the unique features of gdbmtool is that
it allows to define datum structures for key and content parts, similarly
to the C "struct" declarations, and to input and display such
structured data.


Version 1.10, 2011-11-13

* Internationalization

This version of GDBM is fully internationalized.  The following
localizations are available: Finnish, German, Japanese, Polish and Ukrainian.

* Support for close-on-exec flag in gdbm_open (see GDBM_CLOEXEC in the docs).

* Improve testgdbm command system

The testgdbm tool now supports multicharacter commands.

* Bugfixes

Bug numbers below refer to the tracker at <http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/bugs/?N>

** Bug #150.
Tolerate I/O operations returning less bytes than expected.  Retry I/O
if possible.

** Bug #151
Gdbm_open now initializes with zeros the memory allocated for file
header.  Previous versions left uninitialized portions intact, so
they contained whatever happened to be in that memory region at the
moment of allocation.  This created undesired security implications.

** Fix handling of NDBM databases in read-only mode.


Version 1.9.1

* Bugfix

Improperly used preprocessor directive caused compilation failure
when using gcc 4.4.4 or newer.


Version 1.9, 2011-08-12

* Use of mmap

To speed up I/O operations, mmap(2) is used when available.
It can be disabled at compile time using --disable-memory-mapped-io,
and at run time by giving GDBM_NOMMAP flag to gdbm_open.

* Changes in compatibility mode

The changes below fix several long-standing bugs in
ndbm compatibility code, which made it impossible to
use GDBM with Sendmail and Postfix.  Now that they are
fixed, GDBM can be used with these MTAs. 

** Locking is disabled.

Neither ndbm nor dbm functions lock their files.

This bug was reported, in particular, in
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=663932

** Do not link pag to dir.

Instead of linking pag to dir as previous versions did, GDBM now
creates a separate dir file.  Consequently, dbm_pagfno and
dbm_dirfno return different file descriptors.

When opening an existing database as a writer, GDBM determines
if dir is linked to pag, and if so breaks the link and creates
a new dir file.  When such a database is opened in a read-only
mode, GDBM does not attempt to alter the link.

* gdbm_setopt

New options are implemented for use with gdbm_setopt function.
In particular, a set of options is provided for retrieving various
database parameters, such as the file name, memory mapping status,
etc.

* The testgdbm program is installed

Testgdbm is an interactive tool for manipulating GDBM database files.
It allows you to view or update existing databases, export
them to the portable flat file format and to create new database files.

* A testsuite is provided.

* Improved documentation.

Version 1.8.3

* Various configure related changes and additional updates.

Version 1.8.2

* Allow `NEWDB'-opened databases to actually, well, store records.

Version 1.8.1

* Lots of bug fixes, including a data corruption bug.
* Updated to current autoconf and libtool.
* Moved the dbm/ndbm compatibility routines to libgdbm_compat.

Version 1.8

* Added GDBM_CENTFREE functionality and option.
* Added GDBM_COALESCEBLKS functionality and option.
* Added GDBM_NOLOCK flag.
* Made ``fast'' mode the default, making GDBM_FAST obsolete, and adding
  the GDBM_SYNC flag and GDBM_SYNCMODE option.
* Switched to building with libtool.

Version 1.7.3

* Fixed a couple of last minute problems.

Namely, no autoconf.h in version.c, and no GDBM_FASTMODE in gdbm.h!

* Fixed some documentation bugs.

Version 1.7.2

* Enhanced portability and compile/installation changes.
* Additional, "fast mode" related gdbm_setopt() option.
* Growth problems bug fix.

Version 1.7.1

* Enhanced portabilty and compile/installation bug fixes.
* Switched over to using an auto config header.
* Slight documentation upgrade.

Version 1.7

* A new dynamic, delayed initialization, bucket cache.
* New gdbm_setopt(), gdbm_exists(), and gdbm_strerror() routines.
* Slightly improved dbm/ndbm compatibility.
* Greatly improved portability to 64 or 16 bit machines.
* Various bug fixes.

Version 1.6

* New documentation in both man and texinfo formats.
* Bug fixes.
* A New "writers" mode that does not fsync the database.
* Uses Autoconf now.

Version 1.5

* Minor bug fixes.  See the ChangeLog.
* Added gdbmconst.h to allow users to change the size of the
* bucket cache in the systems.h file.

Version 1.4

* Mainly bug fixes
* A define for "dbmclose()" was added to dbm.h for those few 
  implementaions that need that call.
* For details, see the ChangeLog.

Version 1.0

* Makefiles were combined into one and a few new things added to it.
* Several minor bugs were fixed including a cache bug.
* Two new calls (dbm_pagfno, dbm_dirfno) were added to the NDBM interface.
* A conversion program from dbm files to gdbm files was added.
* Reorganize was changed to allow complex file names. (dir/file form)
* testgdbm, testndbm, and testdbm were modified to return key and data
  pairs where needed and to take an optional file name as an argument.
  testgdbm had some command characters changed.
* The DBM and NDBM interfaces were separated.
* An include file for dbm users was added. (dbm.h)
* The include file for ndbm users was renamed ndbm.h. (It was gndbm.h.)

Version 0.9

* The hash function changed.
* The file format changed.
* There was a complete rewrite of falloc.c.
* There were added compatiblity routines for ndbm.
* The file names for dbm compatibility routines were made to look like dbm.
* Test programs changed.
* Support for System V.
* Various other small changes.
* The need for recovery and associated code was removed.


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright information:

Copyright (C) 1990-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.

   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
   of this document, or of portions of it,
   under the above conditions, provided also that they
   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.

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