Module Objects — Python 3.14.6 documentation
Description: Module definitions: The functions in the previous section work on any module object, including modules imported from Python code. Modules defined using the C API typically use a module definition, ...

# Module Objects

PyTypeObject PyModule_Type
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  This instance of `PyTypeObject` represents the Python module type. This is exposed to Python programs as `types.ModuleType`.

int PyModule_Check(PyObject *p)

  Return true if p is a module object, or a subtype of a module object. This function always succeeds.

int PyModule_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

  Return true if p is a module object, but not a subtype of `PyModule_Type`. This function always succeeds.

PyObject *PyModule_NewObject(PyObject *name)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Return a new module object with `module.__name__` set to name. The module’s `__name__`, `__doc__`, `__package__` and `__loader__` attributes are filled in (all but `__name__` are set to `None`). The caller is responsible for setting a `__file__` attribute.

  Return `NULL` with an exception set on error.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Changed in version 3.4: `__package__` and `__loader__` are now set to `None`.

PyObject *PyModule_New(const char *name)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar to `PyModule_NewObject()`, but the name is a UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object.

PyObject *PyModule_GetDict(PyObject *module)
  Return value: Borrowed reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Return the dictionary object that implements module’s namespace; this object is the same as the `__dict__` attribute of the module object. If module is not a module object (or a subtype of a module object), `SystemError` is raised and `NULL` is returned.

  It is recommended extensions use other `PyModule_*` and `PyObject_*` functions rather than directly manipulate a module’s `__dict__`.

  The returned reference is borrowed from the module; it is valid until the module is destroyed.

PyObject *PyModule_GetNameObject(PyObject *module)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Return module’s `__name__` value. If the module does not provide one, or if it is not a string, `SystemError` is raised and `NULL` is returned.

  Added in version 3.3.

const char *PyModule_GetName(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar to `PyModule_GetNameObject()` but return the name encoded to `'utf-8'`.

  The returned buffer is only valid until the module is renamed or destroyed. Note that Python code may rename a module by setting its `__name__` attribute.

void *PyModule_GetState(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Return the “state” of the module, that is, a pointer to the block of memory allocated at module creation time, or `NULL`. See `PyModuleDef.m_size`.

PyModuleDef *PyModule_GetDef(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Return a pointer to the `PyModuleDef` struct from which the module was created, or `NULL` if the module wasn’t created from a definition.

  On error, return `NULL` with an exception set. Use `PyErr_Occurred()` to tell this case apart from a missing `PyModuleDef`.

PyObject *PyModule_GetFilenameObject(PyObject *module)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Return the name of the file from which module was loaded using module’s `__file__` attribute. If this is not defined, or if it is not a string, raise `SystemError` and return `NULL`; otherwise return a reference to a Unicode object.

  Added in version 3.2.

const char *PyModule_GetFilename(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar to `PyModule_GetFilenameObject()` but return the filename encoded to ‘utf-8’.

  The returned buffer is only valid until the module’s `__file__` attribute is reassigned or the module is destroyed.

  Deprecated since version 3.2: `PyModule_GetFilename()` raises `UnicodeEncodeError` on unencodable filenames, use `PyModule_GetFilenameObject()` instead.

# Module definitions

The functions in the previous section work on any module object, including modules imported from Python code.

Modules defined using the C API typically use a module definition, `PyModuleDef` – a statically allocated, constant “description” of how a module should be created.

The definition is usually used to define an extension’s “main” module object (see Defining extension modules for details). It is also used to create extension modules dynamically.

Unlike `PyModule_New()`, the definition allows management of module state – a piece of memory that is allocated and cleared together with the module object. Unlike the module’s Python attributes, Python code cannot replace or delete data stored in module state.

type PyModuleDef
  Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).

  The module definition struct, which holds all information needed to create a module object. This structure must be statically allocated (or be otherwise guaranteed to be valid while any modules created from it exist). Usually, there is only one variable of this type for each extension module.

  PyModuleDef_Base m_base

    Always initialize this member to `PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT`.

  const char *m_name

    Name for the new module.

  const char *m_doc

    Docstring for the module; usually a docstring variable created with `PyDoc_STRVAR` is used.

  Py_ssize_t m_size

    Module state may be kept in a per-module memory area that can be retrieved with `PyModule_GetState()`, rather than in static globals. This makes modules safe for use in multiple sub-interpreters.

    This memory area is allocated based on m_size on module creation, and freed when the module object is deallocated, after the `m_free` function has been called, if present.

    Setting it to a non-negative value means that the module can be re-initialized and specifies the additional amount of memory it requires for its state.

    Setting `m_size` to `-1` means that the module does not support sub-interpreters, because it has global state. Negative `m_size` is only allowed when using legacy single-phase initialization or when creating modules dynamically.

    See PEP 3121 for more details.

  PyMethodDef *m_methods

    A pointer to a table of module-level functions, described by `PyMethodDef` values. Can be `NULL` if no functions are present.

  PyModuleDef_Slot *m_slots

    An array of slot definitions for multi-phase initialization, terminated by a `{0, NULL}` entry. When using legacy single-phase initialization, m_slots must be `NULL`.

    Changed in version 3.5: Prior to version 3.5, this member was always set to `NULL`, and was defined as:

    > inquiry m_reload

  traverseproc m_traverse

    A traversal function to call during GC traversal of the module object, or `NULL` if not needed.

    This function is not called if the module state was requested but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the module is created and before the module is executed (`Py_mod_exec` function). More precisely, this function is not called if `m_size` is greater than 0 and the module state (as returned by `PyModule_GetState()`) is `NULL`.

    Changed in version 3.9: No longer called before the module state is allocated.

  inquiry m_clear

    A clear function to call during GC clearing of the module object, or `NULL` if not needed.

    This function is not called if the module state was requested but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the module is created and before the module is executed (`Py_mod_exec` function). More precisely, this function is not called if `m_size` is greater than 0 and the module state (as returned by `PyModule_GetState()`) is `NULL`.

    Like `PyTypeObject.tp_clear`, this function is not always called before a module is deallocated. For example, when reference counting is enough to determine that an object is no longer used, the cyclic garbage collector is not involved and `m_free` is called directly.

    Changed in version 3.9: No longer called before the module state is allocated.

  freefunc m_free

    A function to call during deallocation of the module object, or `NULL` if not needed.

    This function is not called if the module state was requested but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the module is created and before the module is executed (`Py_mod_exec` function). More precisely, this function is not called if `m_size` is greater than 0 and the module state (as returned by `PyModule_GetState()`) is `NULL`.

    Changed in version 3.9: No longer called before the module state is allocated.

PyTypeObject PyModuleDef_Type
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

  The type of `PyModuleDef` objects.

## Module slots

type PyModuleDef_Slot
  Part of the Stable ABI (including all members) since version 3.5.
  int slot

    A slot ID, chosen from the available values explained below.

  void *value

    Value of the slot, whose meaning depends on the slot ID.

  Added in version 3.5.

The available slot types are:

Py_mod_create
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

  Specifies a function that is called to create the module object itself. The value pointer of this slot must point to a function of the signature:

  PyObject *create_module(PyObject *spec, PyModuleDef *def)

  The function receives a `ModuleSpec` instance, as defined in PEP 451, and the module definition. It should return a new module object, or set an error and return `NULL`.

  This function should be kept minimal. In particular, it should not call arbitrary Python code, as trying to import the same module again may result in an infinite loop.

  Multiple `Py_mod_create` slots may not be specified in one module definition.

  If `Py_mod_create` is not specified, the import machinery will create a normal module object using `PyModule_New()`. The name is taken from spec, not the definition, to allow extension modules to dynamically adjust to their place in the module hierarchy and be imported under different names through symlinks, all while sharing a single module definition.

  There is no requirement for the returned object to be an instance of `PyModule_Type`. Any type can be used, as long as it supports setting and getting import-related attributes. However, only `PyModule_Type` instances may be returned if the `PyModuleDef` has non-`NULL` `m_traverse`, `m_clear`, `m_free`; non-zero `m_size`; or slots other than `Py_mod_create`.

  Added in version 3.5.

Py_mod_exec
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

  Specifies a function that is called to execute the module. This is equivalent to executing the code of a Python module: typically, this function adds classes and constants to the module. The signature of the function is:

  int exec_module(PyObject *module)

  If multiple `Py_mod_exec` slots are specified, they are processed in the order they appear in the m_slots array.

  Added in version 3.5.

Py_mod_multiple_interpreters
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

  Specifies one of the following values:

  Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED

    The module does not support being imported in subinterpreters.

  Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED

    The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, but only when they share the main interpreter’s GIL. (See Isolating Extension Modules.)

  Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED

    The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, even when they have their own GIL. (See Isolating Extension Modules.)

  This slot determines whether or not importing this module in a subinterpreter will fail.

  Multiple `Py_mod_multiple_interpreters` slots may not be specified in one module definition.

  If `Py_mod_multiple_interpreters` is not specified, the import machinery defaults to `Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED`.

  Added in version 3.12.

Py_mod_gil
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Specifies one of the following values:

  Py_MOD_GIL_USED

    The module depends on the presence of the global interpreter lock (GIL), and may access global state without synchronization.

  Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED

    The module is safe to run without an active GIL.

  This slot is ignored by Python builds not configured with `--disable-gil`. Otherwise, it determines whether or not importing this module will cause the GIL to be automatically enabled. See Free-threaded CPython for more detail.

  Multiple `Py_mod_gil` slots may not be specified in one module definition.

  If `Py_mod_gil` is not specified, the import machinery defaults to `Py_MOD_GIL_USED`.

  Added in version 3.13.

# Creating extension modules dynamically

The following functions may be used to create a module outside of an extension’s initialization function. They are also used in single-phase initialization.

PyObject *PyModule_Create(PyModuleDef *def)
  Return value: New reference.

  Create a new module object, given the definition in def. This is a macro that calls `PyModule_Create2()` with module_api_version set to `PYTHON_API_VERSION`, or to `PYTHON_ABI_VERSION` if using the limited API.

PyObject *PyModule_Create2(PyModuleDef *def, int module_api_version)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Create a new module object, given the definition in def, assuming the API version module_api_version. If that version does not match the version of the running interpreter, a `RuntimeWarning` is emitted.

  Return `NULL` with an exception set on error.

  This function does not support slots. The `m_slots` member of def must be `NULL`.

  Note

  Most uses of this function should be using `PyModule_Create()` instead; only use this if you are sure you need it.

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec)
  Return value: New reference.

  This macro calls `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2()` with module_api_version set to `PYTHON_API_VERSION`, or to `PYTHON_ABI_VERSION` if using the limited API.

  Added in version 3.5.

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec, int module_api_version)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Create a new module object, given the definition in def and the ModuleSpec spec, assuming the API version module_api_version. If that version does not match the version of the running interpreter, a `RuntimeWarning` is emitted.

  Return `NULL` with an exception set on error.

  Note that this does not process execution slots (`Py_mod_exec`). Both `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec` and `PyModule_ExecDef` must be called to fully initialize a module.

  Note

  Most uses of this function should be using `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec()` instead; only use this if you are sure you need it.

  Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_ExecDef(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Process any execution slots (`Py_mod_exec`) given in def.

  Added in version 3.5.

PYTHON_API_VERSION

  The C API version. Defined for backwards compatibility.

  Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.

PYTHON_ABI_VERSION

  Defined as `3` for backwards compatibility.

  Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.

# Support functions

The following functions are provided to help initialize a module state. They are intended for a module’s execution slots (`Py_mod_exec`), the initialization function for legacy single-phase initialization, or code that creates modules dynamically.

int PyModule_AddObjectRef(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

  Add an object to module as name. This is a convenience function which can be used from the module’s initialization function.

  On success, return `0`. On error, raise an exception and return `-1`.

  Example usage:

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          if (obj == NULL) {
              return -1;
          }
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_DECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

  To be convenient, the function accepts `NULL` value with an exception set. In this case, return `-1` and just leave the raised exception unchanged.

  The example can also be written without checking explicitly if obj is `NULL`:

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

  Note that `Py_XDECREF()` should be used instead of `Py_DECREF()` in this case, since obj can be `NULL`.

  The number of different name strings passed to this function should be kept small, usually by only using statically allocated strings as name. For names that aren’t known at compile time, prefer calling `PyUnicode_FromString()` and `PyObject_SetAttr()` directly. For more details, see `PyUnicode_InternFromString()`, which may be used internally to create a key object.

  Added in version 3.10.

int PyModule_Add(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Similar to `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`, but “steals” a reference to value. It can be called with a result of function that returns a new reference without bothering to check its result or even saving it to a variable.

  Example usage:

      if (PyModule_Add(module, "spam", PyBytes_FromString(value)) < 0) {
          goto error;
      }

  Added in version 3.13.

int PyModule_AddObject(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar to `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`, but steals a reference to value on success (if it returns `0`).

  The new `PyModule_Add()` or `PyModule_AddObjectRef()` functions are recommended, since it is easy to introduce reference leaks by misusing the `PyModule_AddObject()` function.

  Note

  Unlike other functions that steal references, `PyModule_AddObject()` only releases the reference to value on success.

  This means that its return value must be checked, and calling code must `Py_XDECREF()` value manually on error.

  Example usage:

      PyObject *obj = PyBytes_FromString(value);
      if (PyModule_AddObject(module, "spam", obj) < 0) {
          // If 'obj' is not NULL and PyModule_AddObject() failed,
          // 'obj' strong reference must be deleted with Py_XDECREF().
          // If 'obj' is NULL, Py_XDECREF() does nothing.
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          goto error;
      }
      // PyModule_AddObject() stole a reference to obj:
      // Py_XDECREF(obj) is not needed here.

  Soft deprecated since version 3.13.

int PyModule_AddIntConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, long value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Add an integer constant to module as name. This convenience function can be used from the module’s initialization function. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  This is a convenience function that calls `PyLong_FromLong()` and `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`; see their documentation for details.

int PyModule_AddStringConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, const char *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Add a string constant to module as name. This convenience function can be used from the module’s initialization function. The string value must be `NULL`-terminated. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  This is a convenience function that calls `PyUnicode_InternFromString()` and `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`; see their documentation for details.

PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, macro)

  Add an int constant to module. The name and the value are taken from macro. For example `PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, AF_INET)` adds the int constant AF_INET with the value of AF_INET to module. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

PyModule_AddStringMacro(module, macro)

  Add a string constant to module.

int PyModule_AddType(PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

  Add a type object to module. The type object is finalized by calling internally `PyType_Ready()`. The name of the type object is taken from the last component of `tp_name` after dot. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  Added in version 3.9.

int PyModule_AddFunctions(PyObject *module, PyMethodDef *functions)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Add the functions from the `NULL` terminated functions array to module. Refer to the `PyMethodDef` documentation for details on individual entries (due to the lack of a shared module namespace, module level “functions” implemented in C typically receive the module as their first parameter, making them similar to instance methods on Python classes).

  This function is called automatically when creating a module from `PyModuleDef` (such as when using Multi-phase initialization, `PyModule_Create`, or `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec`). Some module authors may prefer defining functions in multiple `PyMethodDef` arrays; in that case they should call this function directly.

  The functions array must be statically allocated (or otherwise guaranteed to outlive the module object).

  Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_SetDocString(PyObject *module, const char *docstring)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Set the docstring for module to docstring. This function is called automatically when creating a module from `PyModuleDef` (such as when using Multi-phase initialization, `PyModule_Create`, or `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec`).

  Return `0` on success. Return `-1` with an exception set on error.

  Added in version 3.5.

int PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(PyObject *module, void *gil)
  This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor releases.

  Indicate that module does or does not support running without the global interpreter lock (GIL), using one of the values from `Py_mod_gil`. It must be called during module’s initialization function when using Legacy single-phase initialization. If this function is not called during module initialization, the import machinery assumes the module does not support running without the GIL. This function is only available in Python builds configured with `--disable-gil`. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  Added in version 3.13.

## Module lookup (single-phase initialization)

The legacy single-phase initialization initialization scheme creates singleton modules that can be looked up in the context of the current interpreter. This allows the module object to be retrieved later with only a reference to the module definition.

These functions will not work on modules created using multi-phase initialization, since multiple such modules can be created from a single definition.

PyObject *PyState_FindModule(PyModuleDef *def)
  Return value: Borrowed reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Returns the module object that was created from def for the current interpreter. This method requires that the module object has been attached to the interpreter state with `PyState_AddModule()` beforehand. In case the corresponding module object is not found or has not been attached to the interpreter state yet, it returns `NULL`.

int PyState_AddModule(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.3.

  Attaches the module object passed to the function to the interpreter state. This allows the module object to be accessible via `PyState_FindModule()`.

  Only effective on modules created using single-phase initialization.

  Python calls `PyState_AddModule` automatically after importing a module that uses single-phase initialization, so it is unnecessary (but harmless) to call it from module initialization code. An explicit call is needed only if the module’s own init code subsequently calls `PyState_FindModule`. The function is mainly intended for implementing alternative import mechanisms (either by calling it directly, or by referring to its implementation for details of the required state updates).

  If a module was attached previously using the same def, it is replaced by the new module.

  The caller must have an attached thread state.

  Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  Added in version 3.3.

int PyState_RemoveModule(PyModuleDef *def)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.3.

  Removes the module object created from def from the interpreter state. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  The caller must have an attached thread state.

  Added in version 3.3.